Diagnosing Pistol Malfunctions – Part 3: Failure to Eject

Welcome back and thank you for returning to read the final installment in the Diagnosing Pistol Malfunctions series. To cover the wide range of topics in this series, I have broken the 8 elements of the cycle of operation into the three commonly accepted types of pistol malfunction. Part 1, Failure to Feed, covered the first three elements: feeding, chambering, and locking. Part 2, Failure to Fire, covered the fourth and fifth elements: firing and unlocking. In Part 3, Failure to Eject, we will discuss the remaining three elements within the cycle of operation: extracting, ejecting, and cocking. Within this category of stoppages, I will analyze the three main causes: (1) failure to extract; (2) double feed; and (3) stove pipe.

As we begin this discussion, I believe it is important to once again emphasize the preeminent role of the extractor and highlight its counterpoise with the ejector. In both Part 1 and Part 2 of the series, I described the extractor’s role in properly guiding a cartridge case along the breech face during the feeding cycle as well as its role in firmly holding the cartridge in place centering the primer in front of the firing pin hole.

In Part 3, we will discuss the extractor’s profound role as the extractor claw “grips” the cartridge rim as the firearm unlocks and the rearward movement of the slide “extracts” the spent cartridge case from the chamber. As the slide continues its full rearward movement, the extractor maintains proper tension on the cartridge case holding it in position against the breech face until the continued rearward motion thrusts the base of the cartridge case against the ejector. Working in unison, the extractor continues to pull as the ejector pushes the spent cartridge case through the ejection port and away from the pistol… just in time for the slide to begin its forward motion which will feed the next round.

Failure to Extract

A failure to extract occurs when the cycle of operation is interrupted by a cartridge case that becomes stuck in the chamber. Even with a dirty chamber or a corroded cartridge case, the extractor tension combined with rapid slide movement create enough force to pull the case from the chamber. Therefore, the most likely cause of a failure to extract is either a broken extractor or one with improper tension.

A brief visual inspection of the extractor claw can indicate excessive wear, damage, or a clean break. The photo to the right compares two 1911 extractors. One clearly has a broken claw. The only remedy to this problem is a full replacement. The good news is that most manufacturers produce quality extractors that are very affordable. They can range from $15.00 to $45.00 depending on the "name brand" you go with. Wilson Combat 1911 extractors are in the mid-$30.00 range and Glock extractors are just under $20.00. Since these are such an important item, it is a good idea to keep a spare extractor or two in your range bag.

When designed internal to the slide, such as most 1911s, the extractor is typically a solid piece of steel with a claw protruding into the breech. A "bow" in this solid piece of steel provides tension to the cartridge case. As such, the internal extractor itself can be considered a spring. The degree of the "bow" determines how much or how little tension is applied to the cartridge case.

When designed external to the slide, such as Glocks and Sigs, the extractor is one or more pieces of metal also with a claw protruding into the breech. External extractors rely on leverage and a spring to provide proper tension.
Whether internal or external, too much extractor tension may cause a failure to feed, but too little extractor tension could cause both a failure to feed and a failure to extract. In the case of a failure to extract, there just isn’t enough tension at the extractor claw to pull the case from the chamber. A visual inspection may not allow you to ascertain proper extractor tension.

If you recall from previous discussions, proper extractor tension can be determined by removing the slide from your pistol and pushing a loaded cartridge case against the breech face with the case rim under the extractor claw. Once in place, shake the slide in your hand. The cartridge should remain in place. If it falls free, there may be insufficient extractor tension.

If you determine you have insufficient extractor tension, I recommend conducting a detailed disassembly and cleaning of your slide. Built-up dirt may be limiting the movement of your extractor and its parts. If cleaning the extractor, channel, and springs does not correct the problem, then you may need to modify or change some parts. If you have a one-piece internal extractor, you can "bend" it a little further inward to
increase the "bow," and thus the tension. If you have an external extractor, you may need to replace the springs.

Double Feed

A double feed is one of the most difficult stoppages to clear… especially under pressure. "Tap… Rack… Assess" will either fail to correct the problem or create yet another double feed. It requires you to lock the slide to the rear, remove the magazine, “rack” the slide repeatedly to remove any cartridges, reinsert the magazine, and then chamber another round.

But what causes it? Read More »

About Author: Howard Hall (Range Master)

Howard has served for nearly 20 years in the Marine Corps. He has served as a Platoon Commander, Company Commander, Battalion Executive Officer, Regimental Operations Officer, and Battalion Commander. He has multiple combat tours to include serving as a military transition team member in Fallujah. He is an NRA Certified handgun instructor and holds numerous Marine Corps training credentials.

An active competitor in action pistol (United States Practical Shooting Association), long range rifle (NRA F-Class), and shotgun (Amateur Trapshooting Association, National Skeet Shooting Association), howard has earned numerous accolades and medaled during DoD competitions with the 1911 platform in bulls-eye shooting.

Diagnosing Pistol Malfunctions – Part I: Failure to Feed

Whether on the range or via e-mail, I receive a lot of questions regarding pistol malfunctions. These questions go beyond discussing the skills required to clear malfunctions. They are geared more toward understanding “what” makes their pistol malfunction and what can be done to prevent the malfunction, rather than just relying on corrective actions alone. There is a lot of material to cover in regard to diagnosing pistol malfunctions, so I’ll break the topic into a three-article series. In general, there are three main types of malfunctions: (1) failure to feed; (2) failure to fire; and (3) failure to extract/eject. This first article: “Diagnosing Pistol Malfunction – Part I” will provide an in-depth discussion on failure to feed.

Cycle of Operations

 

I chose failure to feed since it is arguably the start of the cycle of operations. Internal Ballistics Part I listed detailed descriptions on each of the elements in the cycle of operation, which are: Feeding, Chambering, Locking, Firing, Unlocking, Extracting, Ejecting, and Cocking.


To be more specific on the definition of failure to feed, we will look closely at a semi-automatic pistol’s operation from the point of full slide recoil through the forward motion that strips the cartridge from the magazine, chambers the round, and locks into battery. This discussion will cover the majority of possible malfunctions or interruptions of the first three elements in the cycle of operations.

Slide Lock Malfunctions

 

Since we are starting this discussion from the point of full rearward slide movement, the first thing that can prevent the slide’s movement forward is an unanticipated slide lock engagement. Although it is easy to clear this malfunction, it is very frustrating and can cost precious seconds in a live engagement or competition.
 
When things are working properly, a small tab on the top left side of the magazine follower engages the portion of the slide lock protruding into the interior of the frame. As the last round is stripped from the magazine, the follower moves to the highest position in the magazine. Once that last round is fired and ejected, the follower pushes the slide lock protrusion and slide lock body up and into a small cut-out in the slide, thus locking it to the rear. Click the image below for a larger view.

When things aren’t working properly, the slide lock moves “up,” engages the slide while there are still cartridges in the magazine. Most pistols have an internal spring connected to the slide stop assembly which prevents inadvertent upward movement. 1911 style pistols have an external spring and plunger that provide friction against the face of the slide stop to prevent inadvertent engagement. If the malfunction is within the pistol, it may be due to a damaged or weak slide stop or plunger spring (1911). Otherwise, this can occur due to a magazine that is damaged or out of specification.

Most shooters don’t want to hear this, but the primary cause of premature slide-lock is shooter induced. I’ve heard shooters swear up and down that they are not the cause, only to find out that one of their thumbs “gently grazed” the slide stop and moved it upward during recoil.

If you are having this malfunction: (1) make sure it is not shooter induced; (2) check the magazines for proper contact with the slide stop; and (3) check the slide stop spring or the plunger spring in 1911s.

Cartridge Not Stripped From Magazine

 

This occurs when a round is fired, the case was extracted and ejected properly, but the next round is not stripped from the magazine leaving the slide to move forward and lock on an empty chamber. I’ve seen this a lot and it has happened to me on occasion during USPSA shooting.

Magazine improperly seated – Many of us have been there… we receive the command to “make ready,” so we insert a magazine, pull the slide to the rear and chamber a round, conduct a chamber check to ensure that a cartridge was chambered, apply the safety, holster, and wait for the signal to start firing. We hear the “beep,” unholster, index the first target, press the trigger, and send the first round down range. However, our second trigger press is met with a “click,” followed by any number of expletives. While we verified that the first cartridge was chambered, without ensuring that the magazine was fully seated, the slide simply “skipped over” the next cartridge instead of stripping it from the magazine and chambering it. A simple “tap” on the bottom of the magazine followed by racking the slide sets everything straight… most of the time.

In some cases, however, the problem is not shooter error, but is caused by the mechanical interaction within the pistol. There is a small cut-out in the magazine that contacts the internal surface of the magazine catch and locks the magazine in place within the frame. If the magazine is damaged in the vicinity of the cut-out, the magazine catch itself is damaged, or if there is dirt/debris blocking the magazine well, the magazine may not fully seat, which will cause the slide to “skip over” and completely miss the next cartridge in the magazine.

Chamber Feed Failure – Nose Down

This occurs when the tip of the cartridge impacts the feed ramp on the frame or barrel at a downward angle, fails to feed into the chamber, and halts the motion of the slide… thus jamming the pistol.

There are a number of potential causes for this type of malfunction which include the magazine, the extractor, the feed ramp, and the cartridge itself. Let’s start with a discussion on the magazines. Read More >>

Posted by Howard Hall